Research Articles and Reports
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) report to Congress
Pilot Testing of Initial Electronic Prescribing Standards
"Findings from the Evaluation of E-Prescribing Pilot Sites"
April 2007
AHRQ Publication No. 07-0047-EF
Prepared by: The National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University Of Chicago
The current system of prescribing and dispensing medications in the United States has widespread problems with safety and efficiency. Experts predict that a shift to electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) systems could avoid more than 2 million adverse drug events (ADEs) annually, of which 130,000 are life threatening. E-prescribing also has enormous potential to create savings in health care costs, both in the treatment of these ADEs and in the workflow of prescribers and pharmacists. One recent study estimated the potential savings at $27 billion per year in the United States...
http://healthit.ahrq.gov/images/apr07norcerxreport/erxinterimevaluationreport.html
Individual Reports from each e-Prescribing Pilot Project
Achieve Healthcare Technologies - "Long Term Care
e-Prescribing Standards
Pilot Study"
Brigham and Women's Hospital - "Electronic Prescribing Using A Community Utility: The ePrescribing Gateway"
Ohio KePRO/UHMP - "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
Special Study
Pilot Testing of Electronic Prescribing Standards"
Surscripts - "Maximizing the Effectiveness of e-Prescribing Between Physicians and Community Pharmacies"
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"Electronic Prescribing Systems in Pediatrics: The Rationale and Functionality Requirements"
PEDIATRICS Vol. 119 No. 6 June 2007, pp. e1413-e1422 (doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0889)
Robert S. Gerstle, MD, Christoph U. Lehmann, MD the Council on Clinical Information Technology
ABSTRACT
This technical report discusses electronic prescribing systems and their limitations and potential benefits, particularly to the pediatrician in the ambulatory setting. In the report we acknowledge the benefits of integrating these systems with electronic health records and practice-management systems and recommend that the adoption of electronic prescribing systems be done in the context of ultimately moving toward an electronic health record. This technical report supports the accompanying American Academy of Pediatrics policy-statement recommendations on the adoption of electronic prescribing systems by pediatricians.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/119/6/e1413
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"E-prescribing and the medicare modernization act of 2003"
Health Aff (Millwood). 2005 Sep-Oct;24(5):1159-69.
Bell DS, Friedman MA.
RAND, Santa Monica, California, USA. dbell@mednet.ucla.edu
Provisions of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA) of 2003 are intended to foster electronic prescribing by requiring standards for interoperability and by permitting third parties to offset implementation costs. Although physicians have been slow to embrace e-prescribing, adoption may increase in 2006, when a new tide of pharmacy messages will arrive from patients entering multi-tier drug coverage under Medicare. However, the e-prescribing systems selected may lack the advanced features needed to improve patient safety and chronic disease control. To optimize the return on Medicare drug spending, the government should consider additional incentives to spur the uptake of more advanced systems.
PMID: 16162559 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16162559&dopt=AbstractPlus
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"Options to Increase E-Prescribing in Medicare:
Reducing Medication Errors and Generating Up to $29 Billion in Savings
For the Federal Government"
Gorman Health Group, July 2007 for PCMA
This report summarizes the findings of research undertaken by the Gorman Health Group (GHG) on
behalf of the Pharmaceutical Care Management Association (PCMA) to estimate the savings and
safety potential associated with government policies that could increase the use of electronic
prescribing (e-prescribing). Based on a comprehensive literature review and structured interviews with
more than 25 national experts, we outline policy options that move the health system toward the
Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) recommendation that e-prescribing be adopted system-wide by 2010.
Gorman Report - Reducing Medication Errors and Generating Up to $29 Billion in Savings
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"Effects of Electronic Prescribing on Formulary Compliance and Generic Drug Utilization in the Ambulatory Care Setting: A Retrospective Analysis of Administrative Claims Data"
Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy JMCP June 2005 Vol. 11, No. 5 www.amcp.org
S. MICHAEL ROSS, MD, MHA; DIANA PAPSHEV, PharmD; ERIN L. MURPHY, MS,
DAVID J. STERNBERG; JEFFREY TAYLOR, MS; and RONALD BARG, MD
http://www.amcp.org/data/jmcp/contemporary_410-415.pdf
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"The electronic prescription conundrum:
Why “e-Rx” isn’t so “e-Z”
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2007) 81, 13–15. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100022
M H T Ridinger, MHT Ridinger
Abstract:
Errors and inefficiencies related to the fulfillment of prescription medications are causes of significant morbidity, mortality, and cost within the health-care system. But what is being done to replace handwritten prescriptions with safer e-prescriptions systems, known as e-Rx, and how do they work?
Context: ...lost income and disability, at $37 billion annually. A significant percentage of medical errors relate to prescription drugs. Medication errors result in more than 7,000 deaths annually and at least $2 billion in additional hospital...
Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 81, 13 - 15 (14 Dec 2006) Macroscopy
http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v81/n1/full/6100022a.html
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